AAAAI - referral, allergist/immunologist, sinusitis, diagnose of asthma, allergies, allergy, hayfever

• Up to 3% of the population are at risk for anaphylaxis to insect stings with approximately 40 documented deaths annually.^1-8

• Patient identification of the correct specific insect species causing an allergic reaction is frequently incorrect.

• Allergy testing and history-test correlation can more accurately identify specific insects responsible for an allergic reaction and may be helpful in diagnosis, treatment and avoidance recommendations.^{7, 9-18}

• Skin testing is generally preferred over in vitro testing for the initial evaluation of venom-specific IgE antibodies.^{4, 5, 13, 15,17-21}

• Venom immunotherapy (or fire ant whole body extract) greatly reduces the risk of systemic reactions in stinging insect-sensitive patients.^{2, 3, 5, 8, 15, 22-24}

• Venom immunotherapy may prevent death due to subsequent stings in hypersensitive patients.^{3, 5, 15, 2}

Diagnostic

Indirect outcome evidence (avoidance, early pharmacologic treatment of reaction, immunotherapy)

• Biting insects such as Triatoma species and mosquitoes have been identified as a cause of systemic reactions.^26-30

• RAST and skin testing to Triatoma salivary gland extracts and whole body extracts of other biting insects have been used to identify antigen specific IgE in sera of hypersensitive patients.^31-41

• Patient education by an allergist/immunologist, including the etiology of their allergy, specific avoidance measures, recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis, and management of local side effects may reduce patient anxiety and potentially reduce morbidity from future bites.^26-30

Diagnostic

Indirect outcome (avoidance, appropriate pharmacologic therapy)

• Regular review of interval history immunotherapy dosing, schedule, and adverse events may contribute to reduced complications of treatment.^17-18

• Regular review may identify new co-morbidities or medications that increase the risk of poor outcomes from natural stings or insect immunotherapy reactions.^{17-18, 42-45}

• Assessment of reactions to interval stings can be used to monitor effectiveness of immunotherapy and may be cause for consideration of changes in dose and schedule.^{17-18, 46-49}

• The interval between maintenance dose injections can be increased to 4-week intervals during the first year of immunotherapy and eventually to every 6-12 weeks in some patients.^{17-18, 49-50}

• Many patients may safely discontinue venom immunotherapy after at least 3-5 years of treatment, although some patients may need to continue immunotherapy indefinitely. An allergist/immunologist with experience in treating insect allergic patients is best suited to facilitate individualized patient decisions. ^{17-18, 50-62}